Understanding why nasolabial folds and marionette lines develop is essential to treating them effectively. These creases are not simply skin wrinkles — they are the visible consequence of structural changes occurring across multiple tissue layers in the midface and lower face.
Nasolabial Folds: Midface Volume Loss and Fat Pad Descent
The nasolabial fold marks the boundary between the cheek and the upper lip. In youth, the malar fat pad sits high on the cheekbone, providing a smooth convexity that transitions seamlessly into the upper lip. With ageing, several processes converge to deepen this fold:
- Malar fat pad descent — the deep and superficial fat compartments of the cheek migrate inferiorly under gravity, compressing tissue along the nasolabial crease.
- Midface bone resorption — the maxilla loses volume with age, reducing the skeletal scaffolding that supports the overlying soft tissue.
- Skin laxity — collagen and elastin degradation reduces the skin's ability to resist gravitational forces, allowing folds to deepen.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials by Stefura et al. (2021) demonstrated that tissue fillers achieve sustained improvement for nasolabial folds. The pooled Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) score improved from 3.23 at baseline to 1.79 at one month and 2.02 at six months, confirming that HA fillers deliver clinically meaningful correction that persists over time. Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) scores confirmed the aesthetic improvement was sustained at 12 months.
Marionette Lines: Oral Commissure Descent
Marionette lines form when the oral commissure (mouth corner) descends, creating grooves that run from the corners of the mouth toward the jawline. The key anatomical driver is the depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle, which pulls the mouth corners downward. Combined with volume loss in the lower cheek and pre-jowl region, this creates the characteristic 'sad' or 'angry' resting expression that many patients wish to correct.
Direct Injection vs Midface Volumisation
There are two complementary approaches to treating these folds. Direct fold injection places filler immediately beneath the crease to physically lift and soften the line. Midface volumisation addresses the root cause by restoring cheek volume to re-support the descended fat pads. El-Mesidy et al. (2020) demonstrated that nasolabial fold correction can be achieved through midface volume restoration alone — confirming the value of an indirect approach that targets the cause rather than merely filling the symptom. At PRP London Clinic, our doctors frequently combine both strategies for optimal, natural-looking results.